Social function

Menyatakan kejadian, peristiwa, atau keadaan yang terjadi dan sudah selesai di masa lampau. Digunakan dalam teks Recount dan Narrative.

Time signals khas Simple Past:

yesterdaylast nightlast weeklast yearagoin 2020when I was youngat that timeonce upon a time

Positive

S + V2 (past form) + ...

She visited her grandmother last Sunday.→ Dia mengunjungi neneknya Minggu lalu.

I was very tired after the match.→ Nominal: was/were + noun/adj.

Negative

S + did not (didn't) + V1 + ...

They didn't come to the party.→ V kembali ke V1 karena sudah ada "did".

She was not happy with the result.→ Nominal negatif: was/were + not.

Interrogative

Did + S + V1 + ...?

Did you finish your homework?→ V1 setelah "did", bukan V2.

Were they happy with the decision?→ Nominal tanya: Was/Were + S + ...?

To be past: was → I, he, she, it | were → you, we, they

Regular verbs — tambah -ed / -d

V1 (Base)	V2 (Past)	Aturan	Arti
walk	walked	+ ed	berjalan
play	played	+ ed	bermain
visit	visited	+ ed	mengunjungi
clean	cleaned	+ ed	membersihkan
help	helped	+ ed	membantu
watch	watched	+ ed	menonton
live	lived	akhir -e → +d	tinggal/hidup
use	used	akhir -e → +d	menggunakan
dance	danced	akhir -e → +d	menari
smile	smiled	akhir -e → +d	tersenyum
study	studied	-y → ied	belajar
cry	cried	-y → ied	menangis
carry	carried	-y → ied	membawa
try	tried	-y → ied	mencoba
stop	stopped	ganda + ed	berhenti
plan	planned	ganda + ed	merencanakan
drop	dropped	ganda + ed	menjatuhkan
chat	chatted	ganda + ed	mengobrol

Irregular verbs lengkap — wajib hafal (dikelompokkan per pola)

🔵 Pola A–A–A (V1=V2=V3)

V1	V2	V3	Arti	V1	V2	V3	Arti
cut	cut	cut	memotong	put	put	put	meletakkan
hit	hit	hit	memukul	set	set	set	mengatur/menetapkan
let	let	let	membiarkan	shut	shut	shut	menutup
cost	cost	cost	berharga	hurt	hurt	hurt	menyakiti
read	read	read	membaca	spread	spread	spread	menyebarkan

🔴 Pola A–B–A (V1=V3, V2 berbeda)

V1	V2	V3	Arti	V1	V2	V3	Arti
come	came	come	datang	run	ran	run	berlari
become	became	become	menjadi

🟢 Pola A–B–B (V2=V3)

V1	V2	V3	Arti	V1	V2	V3	Arti
buy	bought	bought	membeli	bring	brought	brought	membawa
think	thought	thought	berpikir	teach	taught	taught	mengajar
catch	caught	caught	menangkap	fight	fought	fought	berkelahi
find	found	found	menemukan	build	built	built	membangun
send	sent	sent	mengirim	spend	spent	spent	menghabiskan
lend	lent	lent	meminjamkan	bend	bent	bent	membengkokkan
feel	felt	felt	merasakan	keep	kept	kept	menyimpan
sleep	slept	slept	tidur	sweep	swept	swept	menyapu
meet	met	met	bertemu	lead	led	led	memimpin
say	said	said	berkata	pay	paid	paid	membayar
lay	laid	laid	meletakkan	make	made	made	membuat
have	had	had	memiliki	hear	heard	heard	mendengar
hold	held	held	memegang	sell	sold	sold	menjual
tell	told	told	memberitahu	lose	lost	lost	kehilangan
shoot	shot	shot	menembak	get	got	got/gotten	mendapatkan
sit	sat	sat	duduk	win	won	won	menang
hang	hung	hung	menggantung	dig	dug	dug	menggali
stick	stuck	stuck	menempel	strike	struck	struck	memukul
stand	stood	stood	berdiri	understand	understood	understood	memahami
leave	left	left	meninggalkan	mean	meant	meant	berarti

🟣 Pola A–B–C (ketiga bentuk berbeda)

V1	V2	V3	Arti	V1	V2	V3	Arti
be	was/were	been	adalah/ada	go	went	gone	pergi
begin	began	begun	memulai	do	did	done	melakukan
see	saw	seen	melihat	eat	ate	eaten	makan
give	gave	given	memberi	take	took	taken	mengambil
speak	spoke	spoken	berbicara	write	wrote	written	menulis
drive	drove	driven	mengemudi	ride	rode	ridden	mengendarai
rise	rose	risen	terbit/naik	know	knew	known	mengetahui
grow	grew	grown	tumbuh	blow	blew	blown	meniup
throw	threw	thrown	melempar	fly	flew	flown	terbang
draw	drew	drawn	menggambar	break	broke	broken	memecahkan
choose	chose	chosen	memilih	freeze	froze	frozen	membeku
steal	stole	stolen	mencuri	wear	wore	worn	memakai
tear	tore	torn	merobek	bear	bore	born/borne	melahirkan/menanggung
swear	swore	sworn	bersumpah	swim	swam	swum	berenang
sing	sang	sung	bernyanyi	ring	rang	rung	berbunyi/menelepon
drink	drank	drunk	minum	sink	sank	sunk	tenggelam
shrink	shrank	shrunk	menyusut	bite	bit	bitten	menggigit
hide	hid	hidden	bersembunyi	fall	fell	fallen	jatuh
forget	forgot	forgotten	melupakan	forbid	forbade	forbidden	melarang
shake	shook	shaken	mengguncang	show	showed	shown	menunjukkan
sow	sowed	sown	menabur

💡 Tips hafalan: Pelajari per pola, bukan satu per satu. Pola A–B–B adalah yang paling banyak dan paling sering muncul di soal ujian.

Social function

Menyatakan fakta umum, kebenaran ilmiah, kebiasaan, atau rutinitas yang terjadi secara berulang atau selalu benar.

Time signals khas Simple Present:

alwaysusuallyoftensometimesrarelyneverevery dayevery weekin generalas a rule

Positive — verbal

S + V1 (+ s/es untuk he/she/it) + ...

She reads a book every night.→ He/she/it → tambah -s/-es

They play football on weekends.→ They → V1 tanpa tambahan

Negative & interrogative

S + do/does + not + V1 + ...
Do/Does + S + V1 + ...?

He doesn't eat spicy food.→ He/she/it → does not

Does she speak English?→ Does → pertanyaan he/she/it

Aturan -s / -es pada He/She/It:
▸ biasa → +s (walk→walks)
▸ akhiran -s,-sh,-ch,-x,-o → +es (teach→teaches, go→goes)
▸ konsonan + -y → -ies (study→studies, carry→carries)

Nominal — menggunakan to be

S + is/am/are + noun/adjective/adverb

Budi is a smart student.→ Budi (he) → is

We are ready for the competition.→ We → are

I am from Purwokerto.→ I → am

Negative & interrogative nominal

S + is/am/are + not + ...
Is/Am/Are + S + ...?

The answer is not correct.→ Negatif: is/am/are + not

Are you a new student?→ Tanya: Are/Is/Am di depan

To be chart: I → am | He/She/It → is | You/We/They → are

Konsep dasar

Passive voice digunakan saat fokus kalimat ada pada objek yang dikenai tindakan, bukan pelakunya. Pelaku (agent) disebutkan dengan by + agent, atau dihilangkan jika tidak penting.

Rumus inti: S + to be + V3 (past participle) + (by + agent)

Present passive — is/am/are + V3

S + is/am/are + V3 + (by + agent)

The lesson is explained by the teacher.← Active: The teacher explains the lesson.

Rice is grown in many Asian countries.→ Tanpa agent: pelaku sudah jelas/tidak penting.

The windows are cleaned every morning.→ Subjek plural → are.

Past passive — was/were + V3

S + was/were + V3 + (by + agent)

Indonesian independence was proclaimed by Soekarno in 1945.← Active: Soekarno proclaimed Indonesian independence.

The windows were broken during the storm.→ Subjek plural (windows) → were.

A new school was built in our village last year.→ Singular → was.

Perbandingan Active vs Passive

Aspek	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Fokus	Pelaku melakukan aksi	Objek yang dikenai aksi
Kata kerja	V1 / V2 biasa	To be + V3
Present	S + V1(s/es) + O	S + is/am/are + V3
Past	S + V2 + O	S + was/were + V3
Agent	Selalu ada (sebagai S)	Opsional: by + agent

Contoh present

Active: She writes the report.→ Fokus: she (pelaku)

Passive: The report is written by her.→ Fokus: the report (objek)

Contoh past

Active: Workers built the bridge.→ Fokus: workers (pelaku)

Passive: The bridge was built by workers.→ Fokus: the bridge (objek)

Tabel V3 — Past Participle yang wajib hafal

V1	V2	V3
write	wrote	written
make	made	made
build	built	built
take	took	taken
find	found	found
see	saw	seen
give	gave	given

V1	V2	V3
eat	ate	eaten
speak	spoke	spoken
send	sent	sent
know	knew	known
grow	grew	grown
buy	bought	bought
break	broke	broken

Regular verbs: V3 sama dengan V2 (+ ed/d). Contoh: clean→cleaned→cleaned, use→used→used.

Tiga derajat perbandingan

Degree	Fungsi	Formula	Contoh
Positive	Perbandingan setara	as + adj + as	as tall as
Comparative	Membandingkan 2 hal	adj-er / more adj + than	taller than
Superlative	Terbaik/tertinggi dalam kelompok	the + adj-est / the most adj	the tallest

Positive degree

S + to be + as + adj + as + N

Budi is as tall as Doni.→ Setara: sama tinggi.

This is not as big as mine.→ Negatif: tidak sebesar.

Comparative degree

adj-er than / more adj than

She is taller than her sister.→ Kata pendek + -er.

This is more expensive than that.→ Kata panjang: more.

Superlative degree

the + adj-est / the most + adj

She is the tallest in class.→ Kata pendek + -est.

It is the most beautiful place.→ Kata panjang: the most.

Kapan pakai -er/-est vs more/most?

Jenis kata sifat	Comparative	Superlative	Contoh
1 suku kata	+ er	the + est	tall→taller→tallest
2 suku kata -y	-y → ier	the + iest	happy→happier→happiest
2 suku kata lain	more / + er	the most / the +est	clever→cleverer/more clever
3+ suku kata	more + adj	the most + adj	beautiful→more beautiful

Aturan ejaan -er / -est:
▸ Biasa → +er/est (tall→taller, smart→smartest)
▸ Akhiran -e → +r/st (large→larger, nice→nicest)
▸ Konsonan + -y → -ier/iest (happy→happier, heavy→heaviest)
▸ KVK pendek → ganda konsonan + er/est (big→bigger, hot→hottest)

Irregular comparison — wajib hafal!

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Arti
good / well	better	the best	baik
bad / ill	worse	the worst	buruk
many / much	more	the most	banyak
little	less	the least	sedikit
far	farther / further	the farthest / furthest	jauh
old	older / elder	the oldest / eldest	tua/senior

Tabel ringkasan cepat

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
tall	taller than	the tallest
big	bigger than	the biggest
happy	happier than	the happiest
beautiful	more beautiful than	the most beautiful
expensive	more expensive than	the most expensive
difficult	more difficult than	the most difficult
good	better than	the best
bad	worse than	the worst

Modul Grammar SMP Komprehensif: Simple Past, Simple Present, Passive Voice, dan Degrees of Comparison